By
Aleme Eshete
Source: http://ethiopiansemay.blogspot.be/2011/06/cia-in-africa-by-professor-aleme-eshete.html
(This article has
first been published in 2001 in the U.S based Ethiopian Electronic Distribution
Network (EEDN) as part of the discussion between me and Professor Donald Levine
(a well-known specialist in Ethiopian studies and author of “Wax and Gold”), and
in response to his response regarding my article on:” THE SLAVE TRADE IN
FALASHA OF ETHIOPIA”) - see in this series
Greetings again
Professor Levine. This chapter deals with the political issues you have raised
in your response. Let us circumscribe our subject. I will not be talking as you
did in general terms about U: S, or U.S official government politics towards
Ethiopia, the State Department etc. Instead, I will talk about the CIA - the
invisible unofficial, U.S government that has been misgoverning, mismanaging
through its proxies in a large part of the Third World, above all in Latin
America, but also, in Asia, and in Africa since the end of the Second World
War. We all know the CIA is well present in the Universities in the U.S and
Europe, among scholars and students. In general while lecturing on the Third
World, Western scholars shy to talk about the CIA. They talk about our
under-development, about our poverty. They talk about our famine; they talk
about our civil war; about our “tribal wars” particularly in “primitive“
Africa, - as if they were all homemade homegrown problems for which we are
entirely responsible, as “free” people. You characterize the Ethiopians,
particularly those in the Diaspora as addicted to blaming others for their misfortune.
You accuse me of “Indulging in postures, of blaming others...” With our hands
tied as proxy colonial subjects, burning what ever we produce in successive
proxy wars, destroying scarce infrastructure, robbing the tiny reserve of
foreign
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currency or gold,
in short, mismanaging our economies through its brutal proxy regimes, who as
Arion wrote in Tobia (Meskerem 17.) are commonly assassins and outright robbers
I. U.S POLICY
TOWARDS ETHIOPIA
Professor Levine
says America has been a friend of Ethiopia since World War II. You might tell
that to a less informed public, or to a public silenced by the desire to live
and make money – that is, the American dream! Given my professional interest in
history and politics, this is a subject which I have at heart, which I feel
strongly about and which has tormented me for a long time as a powerless mortal
incapable of influencing the course of events and change the sad condition of
life of my countrymen. Professor Levine, there is no way to escape the fact,
that once again in our history, a fair amount of our woes and tribulations
since World War II are the result of the rise of the U.S as the new world power
in the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa, replacing the former European colonial
powers, particularly Great Britain, and our association with the super power
hegemony of the United States of America, in rivalry with the Soviet Union in
the context of the Cold War, and the struggle against Communism. Basically, it
is common knowledge that super powers, have no friends, but strategic
interests. Ethiopia has no petrol or diamonds. But it is a Red Sea littoral
region, a major international route, and in proximity to Arab and Persian Gulf.
Oil, a vital U.S interest.
Nowhere
than in the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa has the Cold War been so brilliantly
demonstrated. . Nineteen forty four (1944) marks the date of massive entry of
American petro-dollar in the formerly British domain of Saudi Arabia with the
formation of ARAMCO (Arabian American Oil Company) comprising the giants of
American oil business, including SOCAL and Standard Oil, controlling already
42% of Saudi oil resources. In 1945 President Roosevelt and the Saudi king Abd
el Aziz ibn Saud sign a treaty by which an American military base has been
established at Dhahran. From now on Saudi Arabia will be administered " as
if it were an American business firm." It is also in this connection that
American interest in the Ethiopian region should be considered. The first and
earliest American plan regarding the future status of Eritrea proved to be a
cold-blooded Cold War calculation arrived at upon consideration of cost and
benefit of the strict American strategic interest in the Red Sea - the Kagnew
military base near Asmara and the naval base at Massawa - and its maintenance
with the least financial cost and least military and political involvement in
the region, irrespective of the desires of the Eritreans, or of Emperor Haile
Selassie. Indeed, nothing could elucidate the Cold War nature of the idea of
"independent Eritrea" - the "Republic of Eritrea" etc. in
Washington’s calculation, better than the fantastic proposal of the Americans
towards the closing days of the Four Power negotiations in August 1948 dividing
Eritrea into three, as revealed by the archives as the British Records Office
(Kew Gardens):
a. The annexation of
Muslim western and northern Eritrea with the Sudan
b.
The two Christian highlands of Akle Guzai and Serae as well as the
Danakil desert and what Spencer called the "crippled port of Assab"
will be ceded to Ethiopia
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c. Hamassein
(capital Asmara) and the Red Sea port of Massawa, to have a separate status
"to be decided twelve months later” i.e. as the Republic of Eritrea under
American tutelage!
This strange and
unique proposal of carving out the Red Sea port of Massawa and its hinterland
(which Hamassein constituted) to represent the future "Republic of
Eritrea" - under American trusteeship - a plan which of course the Soviets
could be relied upon to fight to the last - was not responding to any expressed
wish of the Eritreans as collected by the Four Power Commission of Enquiry in
Eritrea. It did not correspond to the desires of the Emperor of Ethiopia; on
the contrary by violating it, the American plan had put the Ethiopian
government in great apprehension and distrust with regard to American
intentions. The American proposal was, as we said above, a proposal reached at
after calculation of the very strict minimum needed to protect their Kagnew
base near Asmara and their naval base at the Red Sea coast of Massawa, avoiding
any fight with Muslim Sudan by incorporating the Muslim lowland as well as the
onerous task of protecting militarily the large Ethiopian empire which the
incorporation of the Eritrean highlands including Asmara and Massawa with
Ethiopia would entail.
America, however,
failed to realize its minimum project, because of Ethiopian government
opposition which had always stood for the entire integration of Eritrea, which
was, in the first place, carved out by Italy out of Ethiopia between 1885 and
January 1890 when the name Eritrea coined for the first time was given to the
new Italian colony on the Ethiopian coast of the Red Sea; America’s strategic
stand, was also strongly opposed by the Soviets as part of the newly
inaugurated Cold War.
Hence focus of U.S
interest in the Eritrean Red Sea coast and hinterland, as all the preceding
world powers we have known in history, not the Ethiopian “territory” as a
whole, in accordance with capitalist colonial moto: “commerce not territory.”
It was also in Eritrea that was situated the other U.S major interest - the
Qagnew military communications base near Asmara - the most important spying
apparatus for monitoring Soviet Communist propaganda, before the invention of
space satellites, was situated. The Qagnew base had also, obviously, attracted
Moscow’s opposition as the Soviet delegate told the Ethiopians at the U.N
discussion for the disposal of the former Italian colonies, including Eritrea.
More so, following the subsequent U.S-Ethiopia military defence pact, which was
to be the price for ceding the Qagnew base. The Soviet Union that had already
started supplying arms to Ethiopia through Czechoslovakia had, in a move to
separate the imperial government from the United States, been "repeatedly
assuring Aklilu (Habte Wold, the Ethiopian delegate at the U.N discussions,
later Prime Minister) that Soviet military assistance could be had for the
asking.” As Spencer, the Emperor’s foreign policy advisor, wrote, this was also
the factor explaining Ethiopian government hesitation to sign a mutual defence
agreement with the United States officially sanctifying the Qagnew military
communications base and thus becoming involved in the Cold War by the side of
Washington. As Spencer wrote (“Ethiopia at Bay”):
"I had
repeatedly insisted, both at the Pentagon and at the Department of State, that
by entering into a long-term defence installations agreement, Ethiopia would be
certain to incur
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the hostility of
the neighboring Arab states and of the Soviet Union as well. In that case the
United States would be adding immensely to Ethiopia’s defence and security
problems unless it undertook a firm commitment to defend those installations -
its own- against external and internal attack. The Pentagon's answer was a flat
refusal...Events had already shown that political support to Ethiopia on Eritrea
was forthcoming only when the United States somewhat belatedly perceived that
it had become necessary as a quid pro quo for retention of the installation.
Clearly the Pentagon and the Department of State were interested in only one
thing - a communications installation in Eritrea - not in any political or
military involvement in Ethiopia beyond what was required to assure the
continued use of that facility...From the debates at the United Nations
Ethiopia already knew how expensive Eritrea was in terms of Islamic opposition.
The two military installations and defence assistance agreements with the
United States would raise the political and military threats even
higher...(However) The united States had scant interest in seeing Ethiopia
removed from regional pressures...”
It was in that
context that the U.S was obliged up to 1969 to support the Ethiopian claim to
Eritrea (albeit in the context of a federation), and defend its Red Sea
interests taking Ethiopia on board as an ally and going through the risks and
the expenses it had wanted to avoid. From 1969 up to 1991 the U.S will, as we
shall see, organize, arm, and feed the secessionists of Eritrean Peoples
Liberation Front (EPLF) as well as the thugs in the Tigrai Peoples Liberation
Front (TPLF), against Ethiopia, through the last years of the Emperor, and
until the overthrow of the Derg in May 1991. Indeed in May 1991, Herman Cohen,
U.S Under Secretary of State for African Affairs, representing the United
States Government at the London so called “Peace Conference”, will preside over
the blessing ceremony of the break up of Eritrea from Ethiopia, while ushering
the TPLF to the throne in Addis Ababa. A good friend indeed! (See my articles
on 1. CIA organizing, arming and financing of the EPLF and 2. CIA organizing,
arming and financing of the TPLF)
In the same way,
American support to Ethiopia against the claim of “Greater Somalia”
irredentists has been determined not by moral issues of friendship and the rest
but by Cold War calculations of not pushing Somalia into the Soviet arms.
(Carcangiu, Bianca Maria – Gli Stati Uniti e la Questione dell’Ogaden
(1950-1960) (in Africa -Roma- LII, 3, 1997). As of 1977, we know, as the Soviet
Union enters Ethiopia, the U.S will quit Addis Ababa to court and arm Somali
irredentists of Siad Barre.
One could therefore
easily understand the bitter disillusion felt by the elderly American, Spencer
in his book “Ethiopia at Bay” and in other Ethiopian forums, regarding U.S
policy towards Ethiopia.
In my treatment of
American policy towards Ethiopia, I will not talk about officialdom as
Professor Levine does, about the U.S. Congress, the White House, or the State
Department.
I ACCUSE THE CIA
At the risk of
being politically incorrect and making powerful enemies, at the risk of
violating the general silence in academia, in the West, and in Ethiopia, I will
speak of the CIA. I will bring
4
the CIA to the Dock
for all the crimes it has committed and I will seek justice. Silence, which
scholars, including our Ethiopian “intellectuals” and “scholars” have chosen,
(Have you ever heard them talking about the CIA? it has become almost my
monopoly!): It is taboo! They are silent. When they do not engage in out-right
sleaze and defamation of anti-imperialist nationalists, in disinformation and
creating confusion. Although it is common knowledge that the U.S as the only
super-power in the world, is, as all world powers have done in history, engaged
in the construction of a universal empire, Pax Americana, to defend its
economic interests, the term imperialism, which means just, that remains a
taboo in academia. The CIA is the instrument of Pax Americana!
Born at the end of
the Second World War (more precisely in 1947), the CIA (the American Central
Intelligence Agency), succeeding the “Office of Strategic Services” (OSS), was
as old as the Cold War between the capitalist world led by the new world super
power, the United States of America, and the Communist world led by the Soviet
Union, its allies and satellite countries. Confronting the Soviet KGB, the CIA
was the most powerful secret arm used by the United States to fight Soviet
Communism until the destruction and break up of the Soviet Union in 1989-90
Disposing of a huge
public budget of several milliards plus the donations by private corporations
and foundations, running its own cover business, etc. the CIA is, as Frances
Stauner Saunders puts it,” ruthlessly interventionist, frighteningly
unaccountable instrument of American Cold War Power “, a rogue elephant,
crashing through the scrubland of international politics. The CIA was even
accused of being involved in illicit activities like drug trafficking, such as
the trade in crack cocaine in U.S inner cities in Los Angeles, in order to
finance the anti-Communist crusade in Nicaragua. The African American community
had indeed accused the CIA of promoting the influx of cocaine into black
communities during the 1980’s. Indeed Louis Farrakhan of the Nation of Islam
had filed a lawsuit (October 1996) against the U.S government including as
plaintiffs, the families of crack addicts “ and those who have been victimized
by crime as a result of the crack addicts. “If the CIA has been involved in
bringing drugs and guns into the black community I think there’s a need for
atonement there”, Farrakhan had told CNN.
The CIA was the
organization that masterminded and directed the operation for the overthrow of
Premier Mosadegh in Iran in 1953, the ousting of the Arbenz government in
Guatemala in 1954, the assassination attempt against Lumumba in the 1960’s,
unimpeded by any sense of accountability, engaged in the context of the Cold
War in coups, in the organization of armed liberation fronts, in political
assassinations and the formation and running of governments with military
dictators and, in any case thugs who committed massacres, tortures and the most
blatant human rights violations.. But The CIA being under the President’s
supervision, it appears that it had undertaken all the assassinations with
Presidential approval, as former CIA analyst Melvin Goodman wrote:
“You have
CIA assassination attempts through the fifties and sixities ... The CIA has
been much bolder in coup plotting, much aggressive in terms of violations of
human rights and civil rights
5
throughout Central
America (and Africa we may add): But one thing we learned from the Church
Committee hearings in this country in the mid 1970’s is that all of these
assassination attempts were done with the authorization of the White House, and
the Administration had given the signal to the CIA to carry out such an
operation So the CIA was not the rogue elephant out of control.”
On paper, the CIA passed a bill in 1976 outlawing
the use of political assassination. But whether it has been respected in Latin
America and Africa, is another question. In any case the modern version of
assassination and massacre is undertaken by proxies and not directly by the CIA
France
Stonor Saunders book “Who paid the Piper – The CIA and the Cultural Cold War”
dealt with the CIA in Europe and showed how Europe (including Britain, France,
Italy, Germany etc) dependent on the U.S Marshall Plan –. Had become a prey to
CIA cultural manipulation to the highest degree in literature, theatre, art,
music etc. through the Congress of Cultural Freedom and the other similar CIA
organisations. She deals mainly with the cultural aspect. But there are
numerous books dealing with the political and security aspect clearly showing
the role of the CIA in Europe in the context of the U.S-USSR Cold War and the
battle against the Communism and the Communist parties. In this sphere as in
others the CIA created its own parallel organizations, or infiltrated the
national social and political institutions as well as the national security
system as in Italy where the left talked of “limited sovereignty.” In Europe,
the CIA was also accused of attempted military coups as well as engaging in
political assassinations etc. There are prominent Italian politicians who
suspect that the CIA may have had a role in the assassination by the Red
Brigade of the foremost Italian Statesman Aldo Moro, of the Christian
Democratic Party, then in power. Aldo Moro had got into the teeth of the CIA,
because of his advocacy of collaboration with the Italian communist party, a
stand, which among others, Washington feared might impact on the presence of
American military bases in Italy. If the CIA could permit itself to do all that
in Western Europe, what could it not do in poor and vulnerable Africa, hardly
setting foot on the road to independence from colonialism, or in independent
states like Ethiopia still tied to centuries old imperial feudalism and
absolute monarchy.
GAMAL ABDEL NASSER OF EGYPT AS A CIA PUPPET OF
MILES AXE COPELAND: THE GAME OF NATIONS:
Richard Copeland
who recruited Isayas Afework in 1969 to head the Eritrea guerrilla against the
Muslim ELF as well as to lead the secession of Eritrea against Ethiopia was
most probably the famous Miles Axe Copeland of the Middle East arena who was an
American secret agent of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) that preceded
the CIA. M.A. Copeland was indeed one of the organizers and founders of the CIA
in 1947 out of the O.S.S. and other intelligence organizations. Following the
formation of the CIA as the most powerful secret arm of the Cold War and
Western in-fighting in the scramble for petrol, M.A. Copeland, will, as
cultural attachés and the like, dedicate his life to intelligence in Middle
East oil politics (Damascus-Syria, Beirut-Lebanon, including Egypt and the Red
Sea, making and unmaking governments, preparing guerrillas, etc. M.A. Copeland
senior is indeed the author of the famous book entitled Game of
6
Nations, published
in 1973 where CIA rules of the game are recounted: Above all no moral
considerations. Amorality is the centerpiece of the game of power politics.
Copeland wrote:
”We spent a lot of
time trying to identify what the moral background of a national leader's
actions really was (as opposed to what the nation's politicians, religious
leaders, and newspapers said it was) and we let it go at that. We didn't label
it 'good' or 'bad.' Such thinking was not allowed in the game. We had no
Baddies and Goodies in our Game, only a lot of players each of whom was trying
to win according to what constituted 'winning' by his own lights. These were
all the rules we needed 'you can't win at anything - war, business, poker, or
even love - unless you maintain a game attitude. Not surprisingly, every time I
publicly extol the virtues of the "game player attitude" I incur the
wrath of some moralist who accuses me of advocating shallowness and
heartlessness “
Don’t you see
Isayas and Meles in these CIA games? A.M Copeland is also the author of “The
Real Spy World” and an autobiography, which are all most recommended readings?
Miles Axe Copeland
was the major player not so much in the U.S. Soviet Union cold war but in the
infighting between the dying British (and French) world empire and the new
American universal empire, characterized mainly by the battle for Middle East
oil. Indeed the fall of the pro British puppet king Faruk is attributed to
Copeland as the CIA man in Egypt. The fact that Copeland ousted the British
puppet King Faruk and brought the Free Officers to power is particularly
important because from 1952 to 1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser dominated Arab politics.
The activities of the CIA in the region at this time are well documented in
Miles Copeland’s books “The Game of Nations” and “The Game Player”. Thus given
Gamal Abdel Nasser’s anti-British and pro-American CIA connections in origin,
(some called him a CIA puppet), it was CIA’s M.A. Copeland who had become
Nasser’s closest advisor, who wrote his speech, and organized Egyptian
intelligence service. M.a.Copeland was CIA chief in Egypt during the Suez
Crisis (1956) following Nasser’s nationalization of the Suez Canal and
undercutting Brutish imperialist influence in the region, supported secretly
the Americans. :
THE CIA WAR AGAINST ETHIOPIA: THE WAR IN
ERITREA
MILES AXE COPELAND: FROM GAMAL ABDEL
NASSER TO ISAYAS AFEWOR
Thus Richard
Copeland (Miles Copeland) Passes from Egypt to Ethiopia and from Gamal Abdel
Nasser to Isayas Afework Selfi Netsanet (the nucleus of the future Eritrean
Peoples Liberation Front or EPLF) in 1969 in a project called “Seed planting”.
The story is told by Tesfa Mikael Giorgio who had attended the recruitment
process of Isayas -Afework by Richard Copeland (Miles Copeland) from beginning
to the end.
,
Richard
Copeland (Miles Copeland) and his friend Richard Siwelen had come up with a an
arms catalogue in order to further sharpen the desire of Selfi Netsanet
leaders, and induce them to accept to serve as American war proxies. At this
meeting Richard Copeland appeared most interested to know the contradiction
between Selfi Netsanet and the ELF. Richard Copeland
7
was not worried by the secession of Eritrea from Ethiopia but by the
influence Islamic fundamentalist with the ELF and the risk of losing the Red
Sea to a rival power. Finally Richard Copeland asked Habte Selassie to bring a
letter from the Selfi Netsanet leadership officially requesting for military
assistance.
Accordingly a
letter signed by Isayas Afework was addressed to the head of Qagnew base
Colonel Mamuzer with the following requests.
1.Given that the
Christian fighters at Ala are daily massacred and slaughtered by the Muslim ELF
which obtains massive political and military aid from Arab as well as,
indirectly, socialist countries,
2.Given that the
ELF policy reflects above all Arab policy and is targeted mainly against
American and Israeli interests
3. Given that the political objective of Selfi Netsanet is fundamentally
different aiming towards the establishment of a progresses democratic movement.
To that end they requested American military assistance. -
Selfi Nertsanet addressed such letters not only
to the United States but also to all Western countries stressing always the
fact of Arab and socialist assistance to the Muslim ELF.
It was clear that
the leaders of Selfi Netsanet saw only their rival the ELF whom they wanted to
destroy. They did not however consider the danger of allying with imperialist
Western powers who at any time could change their position to if they find other
more profitable ways for advancing their interests.
After receiving the
letter from Ato Isayas the Americans were happy to see that their “seed
planting operation “ was advancing successfully. They fixed a budget and
started financing the movement. However, as they had to finalize the agreement
with Ato Afeworki, an appointment date was fixed. (It is instructive that the
letter to the CIA was signed by Isayas Afeworki, and that the CIA specifically
ask to talk to Afework and not to the Selfi Netsanet Chairman Abrham Tewolde.
In fact Abrham Tewolde would die in what has been described “mysterious
circumstances” in reality poisoned by Isayas – prior to the 1st ELF Congress
October-November 1971. Isayas will become the top figure –see Tesfa Tsion
Medhanie, “Eritrea – Dynamics of a National Question,” p.37)
The Americans
wanted to hear a clear commitment on the part of Ato Isayas that they will
protect all American bases and citizens in Eritrea from terrorist attacks. Ato
Isayas promised that he will do everything to protect American interests, but
that he did not yet have the force to defend the American bases in Asmara and
Gura. The Americans told him indirectly that as they are worried that following
the fall of the weakened government of Haile Selassie’s, there might come a
military government, unfriendly to the United States, they were ready to ally
themselves even with anti-unity secessionist forces. Indeed they stressed the
point that they desired to ally themselves with an anti-socialist force
committed to defend the Qagnew base as
8
well as similar
other American bases in the Red Sea. And committed to the establishment of a
democratic government in Eritrea…
Ato Isayas
Afeworki, not having appreciated the American indirect reference regarding
their disinterest for Ethiopian unity, stressed that they wanted full
independence and that they will not accept a federal solution that may be
proposed by the new government after Haile Selassie. In reply Richard Copeland
had assured Isayas that as long American interests were safeguarded. they care
less about Ethiopian unity. “ If you satisfy our conditions, and you want
independence in return you shall have your independence” Isayas was told.
Richard Copeland went indeed further to advice Isayas not to accept the federal
solution from a new government. Ato Isayas was further assured that if Selfi
Netsanet could succeed in bringing the Red Sea coast under its control, they
promised to supply unlimited quantity of arms by sea.
Ato Isayas wanted
to know if the Americans were talking serious and asked what guarantee do they
have that the Americans will offer what they promise. Richard Copeland
Laughingly replied: “Politics is gambling. You want independence. We want our
Red Sea position secured and strengthened. That is your guarantee and our
guarantee.” And with that the meeting had come to an end. They had then gone to
the house of Richard Copeland (Miles Copeland) to drink to the success of the
new plot. And there were festivities.
It is not
clear when exactly CIA political hegemony in Ethiopia and against Ethiopian
unity and territorial integrity started. Some say that they were already
engaged in recruiting Galla rebels and fomenting and preparing the creation of
what would be called the “Republic of Oromiya” already in the 1950’s under one
form or another. Then it is permitted to guess that the CIA was not completely
uninvolved in the December 1960 coup d’etat of brothers Germame Neway , with a
B.A from Wisconsin University (USA) and a Master’s degree in political science
from Columbia University (USA), whom an Ethiopian historian (Bahru Zewdie)
describes as “radical” and anti-feudal and praises him for the measures he took
during the coup. In the same way Western literature, like that of Greenfield,
not perhaps unrelated to the CIA, presented Germame as progressivist, socialist
and anti-church -; the Patriarch Basileyos will in fact condemn the leaders of
the coup as “devil’s agents”. Interestingly Germame was even said to have
advocated the complete nationalization of land, a programmed which the – Derg
will apply, and which was perhaps at the heart of CIA strategy to destroy the
Ethiopian society masquerading as Socialist or communist. It is interesting to
note that pro-OLF literature admiringly of Germame see Duch author The Spatial
Imagination of Oromia: The Ethiopian State and Oromo Transnational Politics.
(Bas van Heur). The author also describes Richard Greenfield as pro-Oromiya .
Other leaders of the coup included Germame’s less politicized brother General
Menghistu Neway head of the imperial bodyguard which led the coup together with
the head of the secret service Lt. Colonel Werqneh Gebeyehu The coup was
opposed by the army and the Air Force. Given that the Ethiopian security system
was, if not organized by at least closely collaborated with the CIA, the
involvement of Security Chief Colonel Gebeyehu could not have been done without
the knowledge of the CIA. It will also be interesting to know where Colonel
Werqneh Gebeyehu was trained and what his political inclinations and
9
friendship were.
The involvement of the American embassy to reconcile the parties in the
fighting, and the US ambassador talking to the coup leaders, etc. is also
another factor suggesting the same. The Ethiopian coup of December 1960 was
very similar to the Egyptian coup of 1952 led by the Free soldiers of General
Naghib, as figure head and Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser as the real leader whom
the CIA will depict as an anti-colonial liberation fighter, unifier of Arabs
against British imperialism, progressist end even socialist. From 1960 we pass
to 1969 when Western (perhaps CIA) propelled student rebellion at Addis Ababa
university, varnishing a Hodge podgy of ideologies socialist, Maoist, Ho Chi
Minhist, and Che Guevarist, who had read Franz Fanon’s “peau Noire Masque
blanc” anti colonial literature, and brandishing another CIA anti-Ethiopia
propaganda with tribalist “ right of self determination of oppressed nations up
to secession ” having the Galla at the forefront, vowing to overthrow the
regime of Haile Selassie described as feudal and vowing to restructure Ethiopia
described as a “feudal empire” liberating the “oppressed nations and
nationalities.” In 1969, Western, most probably CIA propelled propaganda
supported the student movement and echoed Ethiopia s a feudal empire,
forecasting the end of Hail Selassie.
1969 also
marked a change of regimes in other parts of the Horn of Africa– and African
coast of the Red Sea in which Miles Axe Copeland may also have been directly or
indirectly involved. Such military coup d’etats had brought to power in 1969
both General Nimeiri of the Sudan and the police general Siad Barre of Somalia.
Both were depicted as progressives and socialist who opened up to the Soviet
Union while remaining anti-social, anti-communist dictators who crashed and
eliminated physically the local Communist parties just like Gamal Abdel Nasser.
We have of course seen in broad daylight how Nimeir was paid millions of
dollars for his participation in the Falasha slave trade via the Sudan through the
1970’s and 1980’s until his overthrow and escape to Egypt. (See my article the
Falasha slave Trade. In the same way from 1977 onwards Siad Barre who had
passed from his friendship with the Soviet Union which armed him until 1977 to
that of the USA. Since 1977 the US was given over the port of Berbera to serve
as its base, while the Soviet Union had passed to the side of Mengistu which it
started to arm.
We may even proceed
to 1974 and relate Miles Copeland to the origin of the Derg among the Ethiopian
army, air force, police and security. The fact Mengistu Haile Mariam and
Legesse Asfaw were handpicked (date? Please help) to be sent for training in
America should not be taken as a casual factor. Then we know that people like
Colonel Tesfaye Wolde Selassie, General Tesfaye Gebre Kidan, General Merid,
Shaleqa Sisay etc. had CIA-Mossad connections. As we have already seen with
Nasser, Nimeiri and even Siad Barre, the Marxist-Leninist rhetoric and
friendship with the Soviet Union was a ploy encouraged by the CIA team of Miles
Copeland and kept under control. That Mengistu renewed Ethio-Israeli secret
contacts interrupted by Haile Selassie following an OAU decision following the
1973 Israeli-Palestine war, and started selling the Falasha for arms, is also a
significant indicator where his allegiance was. Thus whatever the Mengistu -
CIA relationship may have been at origin, in spite of the Marxist and Communist
rhetoric, following the end of the Cold War, abandoned by the Soviet leader
Gorbaciov, protagonist of “perestroika and glasnost”, we have seen him in the
end gliding into
10
the arms of the CIA
in order to keep power, inviting the infamous CIA veteran Paul Henze to travel
freely in Ethiopia and spy us and map our regions in the service of the TPLF
and EPLF as well us to give lectures at the Marxist school of political
indoctrination!! Menghustu’s exile to Harare at the end was also organized and
financed by the CIA to the end of his life, at least according to the promise
the CIA gave to Prime Minister Mugabi of Zimbabwe. His successor, as President
of Ethiopia, General Tesfaye Gebre Kidan is also known to be a CIA agent. There
you have the entire post war history of Egypt and both sides of the Red Sea and
Horn of Africa dominated by Emperor Miles Copeland of the CIA as a province of
the universal American empire!!
CIA AND THE AFRICAN CIVIL SOCIETY:
AMERICAN PROXY
COLONIALISM AND THE DESTRUCTION OF AFRICAN CIVIL SOCIETY
1. AFRICAN
LABOUR UNIONS
Given that that the
struggle of the Cold War was between Capitalism and Communism it is natural
that priority was given to the battle for the conquest of the working class.
The major struggle on the labour front during the Cold War era was going on
within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), which initially covered the
whole world. Including the U.S, Western Europe and the Soviet Union. The key
issue in the post-World War II was Soviet Union and European Communist party’s
opposition to the U.S Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of the dilapidated
economy of Western Europe. The American Federation of Labour was the foremost
campaigner to rally support for the Marshall Plan against Communist opposition.
This will subsequently lead to the break down in 1949 of WFTU into two. While
WFTU continued to serve the Soviet and European communist parties, the
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) supported by the
Western capitalist countries led by the United States of America – and in particular
by the AFL-CIO, became the Association representing Western capitalism.
Since the breakup
of the FSM, in the context of the Cold War, the CIA, financially supported by
giant American magnates like the Rockafeller Brothers Fund, Standard, Gulf,
Texaco and other Oil giants, Pfizer Corporation, General Motors, General
Electric etc., was deeply involved in pressurizing the African countries to
leave the WFTU accused as a Soviet agent for the expansion of communism and
join the ICFTU. It was, therefore under stringent ICFTU opposition that the
Pan-African trade union movement supported by the WFTU had preceded in the
context of the de-colonization movement as well as, the fight against South
African Apartheid, and racial discrimination in general. The zenith was
achieved with the Pan African Trade Union Conference of Casablanca, in May
1961; attended by workers unions of the majority of newly independent African
states.
British Colonies:
The CIA was actively engaged in eroding Britain’s influence in its African
colonies. The experimenting of CIA Labour operations in Africa was Kenya where
the U.S had
11
the greatest
embassy in the region. There the CIA had recruited Tom Mboya General. Secretary
of the Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL) established in 1953 as its agent while
Kenya was till under British colonialism. During the “Emergency” period when
all political parties were banned the KFL will become the protagonist in the
struggle for independence. KFL offices were ransacked, and many of its leaders
detained. But it survived and Mboya became a hero. As the CIA man, Mboya later
became ICFTU representative in the region. And Mboya will be exerting pressure
in the entire region, Ethiopia and Somalia in particular, to win them over to
the ICFTU, and further away for the pro-Communist WFTU. As the influence of
Mboya wanes, with increasing influence of the CIA over President Jomo Kenyata a
new institution – called Peace With Freedom (PWF) was established in 1962 to
advance American liberalism and capitalism. The PWF will create several African
social and cultural institutions to advance the same goal: East African
Institute of Social and Cultural Affairs, the East African Publishing House
(later named Afro-Press), the Jomo Kenyata Educational Institute etc. As one
observer noted:-
“It was an entire
prefabricated cultural and intellectual infrastructure reaching from the elite
academic setting to the mass media of radio and pamphleteer It aimed in the
favored phrase, at “nation building” shaping a social infrastructure, an elite
and an ideological base. It was all encompassing…”
In its turn,
following British pressure the PWF will close its offices in Kenya in 1968. .
Ghana: After the
experience in Kenya, trade unionism spread throughout Africa. In 1959, in
Brussels, the AFL-CIO won control of ICFTU Executive Board. And late in that
year ICFTU had decided to establish a regional office for Africa in Accra
(Ghana). Using the Ghana Trades Union Congress (GTUC) as a continental base for
pursuing its activities in tropical Africa. But there would soon be conflict
between the leftist oriented pro-Nkrumah labour movement and CIA’s GTUC.
Further the All African Trade Union Federation (AATUF) established in 1958
espoused Nkrumah’s line against GTUC and the AFL-CIO, which will launch an
international campaign against the AATUF accusing it of being as manipulated by
Communists. Another African country that attracted the CIA was the West African
populous nation of Nigeria. In November 1960 the African Regional Organization
(AFRO) was established by the ICFTU Regional Conference to counter AATUF
Within the French
territories of North Africa, the CIA carried out similar clandestine
trade-union support. CIA operatives funded the Moroccan labour Federation (UMT)
that subsequently affiliated with the ICFTU and formed a close relationship
with AFL-CIO. Moroccan labour involved in independence movement. CIA money for
the independence movement was funded through and around the ICFTU. In Algeria
CIA attempt to promote independence movement was thwarted by the French counter
intelligence.
AFRICAN AMERICAN LABOUR CENTER
12
With the granting
of independence to most former colonies, by the mid 1960’s CIA’s role as
supporter of trade unions as political movements for independence began to
change. Previously, the CIA acted as a force to clear the path for the
penetration of U.S multinational corporations into Africa. However, it was now
faced with the immediate tasks of maintaining a stable investment climate for
American business –particularly in mining and agriculture – as well as creating
conditions for a pliable African work force. (72). To fulfil these function the
CIA helped to establish the African American Labour Center (AALC) in 1964. In
many ways the AALC was meant to supersede the post-war role of the ICFTU and
ensure Washington control of U.S labour activities in Africa. The AALC was the
counterpart for Africa to the American Institute for Free Labor Development
(AIFELD) – an earlier CIA front that operates with considerable success in
Latin America. :
Following
the creation of the AALC in 1964 Dr. Seyoum Gebre Egziabher, head of the
Department of Public Administration, who was linked to the training of labour
leaders, had immediately recruited the following University graduating students
Feseha Tseyon Teke
of Eritrea
Mesfin Gebre
Mikael, of Tigrai
Gebre Selassie
Gebre Mariam, of Tigrai
Tesfa Gebre Mariam,
of Wollo
Largely from his
own Department of Public Administration, largely believed to be under the
command of CIA’s African American Labour Center (AALC), the group had
infiltrated into the Ethiopian Confederation of Labour, as labour leaders
culminating in heavy conflict later with the Derg and Meison.
Following the
victory of the TPLF and EPLF and the fall of the Derg in May 1991 Fesseha
Tseyon Teke who had returned to Ethiopia had told a labour leader whom he
wanted to bring under the CIA that while the Emperor gave the land the
construction of the Labour building near Legehar (Lagare) in Addis Ababa was
financed by the CIA. As we shall see later Fesseha Tseyon had poured money among
the high clergy assembled for the election of the Patriarch to support the
election of Abba Pawlos a long time resident in the United States, with little
known sympathy for the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and largely suspected of being
a CIA agent. The Ethiopian Church is believed to have effectively suffered a
lot under his leadership until to day. Mesfin Gebre Mikael is to day a high ILO
expert!!
Since 1965
literally hundreds of projects have been undertaken by the AALC in forty-one
African countries to develop “labor leadership” on the continent. According to
the 1976 figures, the AALC maintained a staff of 134 personnel in Africa and
the United States. The bulk of the budget came from he Agency for International
Development (ASID which contributed $2,250,000. Activities have been
concentrated in several major areas. Leadership training in labour management
relations, In 1965 AALC founded the Trade union Institute for Social and
Economic Development in Lagos. 5000 Nigerians trained. Since 1968 – the Ghana
Labour
13
College, where
labour leaders from 25 countries studied, hundreds of African trade unionists
sent to U.S for advanced training e, .In Addition AALC established the Regional
Economic Research and Documentation Centre in Lome (RERDC) extensive labour
information. AALC also collaborated with two Angolan trade unions
confederations. Further aid in training. AALC has also support “virtually all
African trade unions in the production of their newspapers. In 1972 –
established the Pan African Trade Union Information Center in Kinshasa, Zaire.
AALC was also particularly active in Uganda, In Uganda: the Trade Union
Training College. Established by the AALC was accused of training spies, and
was eventually closed by Milton Obote in 1966. In the same way the Cold War
struggle to win the hearts and minds of African trade unions was bitterly
fought in Nigeria – a key site in any strategic analysis of Africa. AALC
support was given to the United Labour Congress of Nigeria (ULCN) to counteract
the influence of the Communist backed Nigerian Trade union Congress (NTUC). In
1969, Alhaji Adebola, former leader of the ULCN, became strongly opposed to
AALC involvement in his union. As he admitted in 1976: “I formed the impression
that some of the officials of the foreign trade unions in Nigeria had something
to do with the CIA…Since the advent of the African American Labour Centre in
Nigeria…treachery and betrayal has found a comfortable asylum in Nigerian
trade-union movement.” Adebola would lose his position of leadership in the
ULCN. A subsequent Nigerian governmental investigation in 1977 reported that
the AALC and the ICFTU “ had a free hand in the running of the affairs of the
Congress. U.S money financed ULCN as well as “to bribe other labor leaders”
CIA’s AALC has also
been involved in Zimbabwe since independence. And the inauguration in 1977 of
Zimbabawe Federation of Labour (ZFL) led by Reuben Jamela – financed by CIA and
AALC. . Soon opposition to Jamela will develop, accused as “capitalist and
imperialist stooge” leading to the eventual split of ZFL
Under the chapter
of CIA creation, infiltration and manipulation of African civil society one may
also consider the chapter of student associations. The realm was monopolized by
CIA affiliated organizations like the National Student Association, Student League
(SLID), International Association of Socialist Youth, International Student
Conference, World Assembly of Youth, Institute of International Education,
African Scholarship Program of American universities; the anticommunist League
for Industrial Democracy (LID), the Foundation for Youth and Student Affairs
etc.
AFRICAN POLITICAL
PARTIES were a particular domaine reservé of the CIA. CIA created its own
political parties where they did not exist. Wherever leftist opposition parties
existed, the CIA created parallel parties to destroy them or infiltrated the
existing one so ass to undermine and eventually destroy them. This technique
applied to all associations, civil or political. CIA used the same method to
promote media associations favorable to American capitalism and liberalism with
the object of manipulating the news and mold public opinion by spreading, very
often, disinformation. In its psychological warfare, the CIA used both
Americans and locals.
14
We will not waste
much time either on CIA techniques used in the pursuit of political power, and
its classical methods of infiltrating the military and security apparatus of
the African states. Security.
2. THE CULTURAL FRONT:
According to France
Stauner Sonders, unchallenged, undetected, whether they like it or not, whether
they knew it or not, there were few writers, poets, artists historians,
scientists, or critics in post-war Europe whose names were not in some way
linked to the CIA…. Defining the Cold War as a “battle for men’s minds” CIA had
stockpiled a vast arsenal of cultural weapons: journals, books, conferences,
seminars, art exhibitions, concerts, and awards
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
AFRICAN CULTURE
(AMSAC) was
the CIA arm of cultural manipulation and infiltration in Africa. Just to give
an idea of the level of cultural struggle, the CIA had challenged the world
famous French Societé africaine de Culture (SAC) which published the journal
Prèsence Africaine, featuring men like Albert Camus, Jean Paul Sartre, Leopold
Senghor and Aime Cesaire whose conference of 1955 of Negro Writers and Artists
held in Paris in 1955, had indeed given rise to the establishment of AMSAC by
the CIA In those days the CIA supported cultural nationalisms and notions of “negritude”
as an arm against Marxist internationalism of Frantz Fanon, as well as European
colonialism and cultural domination. Amsac had its own magazine, Forum. : “The
tide of desalinization rolling over the continent could open the way for a new
American empire to break the old imperial monopoly of the European order that
controlled Africa” went CIA’s mode of thinking.
CIA AND AFRICAN STUDIES IN THE UNITED STATES:
The American
“Africa Research Group” had concluded that “ that it was the CIA which played
the crucial role in stimulating interest in African affairs in the United
–states…In 1954 it was the CIA that put the African-American Institute (AAI) on
a solid financial footing, in close co-operation with the American Metal Climax
Corporation, the African mining concern whose Chairman became the AAI’s big
angel. As the national central intelligence, the CIA understood that generating
information and contacts in Africa was a priority if the U.S was to be assured
access to the Continent’s “emerging” political leaders and economic resources
Among the
pioneering American universities in African studies were the
Boston University,
which in 1954 had independently-launched its own African Studies Program? In
the same way as the Harvard University, which had incorporated African studies
within its Centre for International Affairs The MIT Center of International
Studies in which –African studies was incorporated was on the other hand CIA
subsidized The Hoover Institution and
15
African Studies
which boasts the largest private archives in the United States, the Hoover
Institution of War, Revolution and Peace - including the Russian Revolution -
(founded after World War I by Herbert Hoover as Stanford University’s Hoover
War Collection and known as the Ho over War Library from 1922 until 1957 has
long enjoyed a costly relationship with the U.S intelligence agencies.
Herbert Hoover told
the Stanford trustees in 1959, “The purpose of the Institution must be, by its
research and publications, to demonstrate the evils of the doctrine of Karl
Marx – whether Communism, Socialism, economic materialism, or atheism – thus to
protect the American way of life from such ideologies, their conspiracies, and
to reaffirm the validity of the American system.” The Hoover Institution’s
African collection began in 1919 when Belgian and German governments donated
official documents and reports on their colonies, but extensive acquisition of
materials on Africa did not begin until 1956. As that collection expanded,
Hoover became more and more Africanized. –Particularly on Southern Africa,
(racist and pro-apartheid, and White Rhodesia – white supremacy) and studies on
colonialism (five volumes) advocating for the right wing policy options...
-
HOWARD UNIVERSITY:
This is the
pre-eminent Black University in the United States. A case uncovering a
pervasive and sinister CIA recruitment program for Africa aimed at Black
professionals. This is the story of Prof. Kemba Maish – who taught clinical and
community psychology at Howard. an outspoken feminist and black rights militant
was contacted through a black African colleague, by CIA personnel Department
for employment. She was out raged: She tells her colleague who gave her name:
“I told him he was
a traitor to the African people. I went through the whole thing, about the
connection between the FBI and the CIA, about what the FBI had done with the
Black Panthers, Fred Hampton, Mark –Clark; and Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, within
this country. Then I mentioned how in Africa the CIA had organized a coup
against Kwame Nkrumah, and had actually murdered Patrice Lumumba. I went on
down the line… I had been assuming they would think I couldn’t be bought, but
why should they think that? They’ve obviously bought other people, this was
just one more person…I called the Association of Black Psychologists, and I
told them the CIA is recruiting black psychologists to go to Africa …They have
already used black people from this country to infiltrate liberation movements
and progressive groups both in Africa and the Caribbean, basically using one
group of African people against another.
“I guess it is most
important for African people to understand the implications of all this- what
these people have done in the past, who they are, what their connections are.
The major corporations are tied up with the police and the intelligence
network, as well as the military. People must understand that they are not
doing service to us in America. They are doing service to the large corporation
and to the American government, and to maintain profits – but in terms of our
lives all the FBI and CIA have done for us as a people is to kill us and our
leaders,
16
and to destroy our
organizations, not only here but around the world. They are doing it through
our institutions, through our black organizations- they are recruiting us and
we think we are doing service to our people when actually we are helping to
destroy our people. It is important that people understand this and begin to
work against it, to expose it every time it happens…”
“I should
mention that all of this applies to foreign students too. The CIA has a program
where they recruit “nationals” – people born in a particular country –to go
back to that country as a CIA agent. We should talk about the dangers here.
These students need to be alerted, need to understand whose agents they are if
they work with the CIA. They will not be working in the interests of their
people, but working against them…The CIA has had a long history of interfering
in the internal affairs of other countries. By putting down just rebellions, of
the people, destabilizing government, destroying organizations, planning and
financing coups, and murdering leaders, the CIA has attempted to change the
course of history in places like the Dominican Republic, Guyana, Jamaica, Cuba,
Chile, Iran, the Congo, Ghana, and Angola, just to name a few…The use of black
against black …is seeking to make American imperialist policy more digestible
simply because it comes in black hands instead of white…We must not become the
enemies of our people. We must organize against all CIA activity. We must fight
the CIA.”
CIA INFILTRATION IN AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES:
CIA used its agents
to particularly infiltrate the liberation movements in southern Africa, (South
Africa, the then Rhodesia, the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola.
The Zambian University which the CIA attempted to use as Intermediary notes
that CIA presence had taken several forms: One was American academics who come
to Zambia having created connections with the CIA. Then there was the case of
Nkumbi International College: which did African liberation fighters with
largely American teaching staff frequent. It was closed after discovery of CIA
connections. In the third place CIA had tried to infiltrate Zambian labour
using as an intermediary the Africa American Labour Center (AALC). Upon
discovery AALC presence was denounced.
It was also
in connection with CIA’s attempt to infiltrate the –Southern Africa liberation
movements, through the Zambia University that Professor Ali Mazrui of Uganda
had been denounced as being CIA affiliated. In February 1974 Ali Mazrui is
alleged to have tried to penetrate African Liberation Movements using the
African Association of Political Science as cover. He had presented a project
financed by the Hoover Institution whose reactionary concern with the affairs
of southern Africa is well known. Mazrui’s liberation-struggle project although
apparently different a Zambian academic observer noted ” It is my contention
that Mazrui’s initiative although much more skilful than previous ones, was in
fact the same U.S penetration project, this time with a heavier camouflage.”
(Dirty Work – the CIA in Africa”, p. 107) Professor Mazrui was an opponent of
President Milton Obote, a militant foe of apartheid; indeed Mazrui welcomed the
coup of General Amin publicly. -When he left Africa had accepted
17
a University of
Michigan offer (worth some seventy thousand dollars per annum, all told) to
join their staff. Luckily the African Association of Political Science saw
through the whole ploy and turned it down.”
The Case Against DOD and CIA
Involvement in
Funding the Study of Africa
Scholars of Africa
vs. the Department of Defense and the CIA
Since the 1970s,
many scholars of Africa have rejected all connections with intelligence and
military agencies based on a long-standing commitment to honesty and integrity
in their relationships with African institutions and individuals. The hard-won
protection of African studies from military and intelligence agencies' agendas
is now threatened by the implementation of the National Security Education
Program (NSEP). The NSEP is funding scholars and programs in Africa despite
repeated assertions by U.S. Africanists that DoD and CIA involvement in African
studies is inimical to the independence of scholarship. All national African
studies organizations - African Studies Association (ASA), Association of
African Studies Programs (AASP), directors of the Title VI African Studies
Centers in 19 universities, and ACAS - have maintained this clear stance (see quotes
below).
The CIA, DOD, and Africa
This resistance to
linkages with and funding from U.S. intelligence agencies and the Pentagon has
been so strong because of the long history of Western interventions, the
supporting of repressive rulers, and the ventures against legitimate and
elected le address in Africa. For more than 30 years, U.S. military and
intelligence agencies have: Provide both direct and covert support to colonial
and settler regimes - including the white-minority regime in Southern Rhodesia;
the Portuguese colonial regimes in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea Bissau; and
the apartheid regime in South Africa.
·
Subverted progressive leaders and their governments and national
liberation movements - including Patrice Lumumba in the Congo, Kwame Nkrumah in
Ghana, and Nelson Mandela and the ANC during the apartheid era.
·
Installed
and/or supported dictators such as General Mobutu in Zaire, Idi Amin in Uganda,
Nimeiry in Sudan, and Siad Barre in Somalia. Fomented civil war and conflicts
through direct or indirect covert support for 'contra' factions such as UNITA
in Angola and Renamo in Mozambique.
Moreover, the end
of the Cold War has not eliminated the inclination for covert intervention
against popularly supported governments and movements. Recent Congressional
investigations reveal that the CIA not only has pushed forward highly
misleading analyze but has played a direct role in subverting popular movements
- for example, in undermining the elected government of Jean Bertrand Aristide
in Haiti. Some U.S. scholars of Africa and academic institutions have been
linked to military and intelligence agency programs. This has raised
18
broad suspicions in Africa about the bona fides of U.S. African
studies and individual scholars. Now, the NSEP is re involving scholars of
Africa with the DoD and CIA.
The NSEP Program
NSEP funds (1)
scholarships for undergraduate students for study abroad, (2) fellowships to
U.S. students in graduate programs, and (3) grants to institutions of higher
education.
Such funding is
urgently needed in most U.S. international studies programs. The people of the
U.S. certainly need more study and understanding of world areas beyond the
borders of Europe and North America, and especially of Africa. However, the
NSEP program was compromised at its inception when it was firmly lodged in the
military and intelligence agencies. As the NSEP's brochure notes, "Program
policies and direction are provided by the Secretary of Defense in consultation
with the 13 member National Security Education Board."
The majority of
Board members are representatives of federal agencies, including most notably
representatives of the DoD and the Director of Central Intelligence. While an
advisory committee of outside experts assists the Board and re-granting
agencies re commend student grant recipients, the criteria for selection of
students and priorities among world regions, languages, and academic fields is
determined by the Secretary of Defense.
The Changing
Institutional Complexion of the NSEP: Camouflaging the Linkages
ACAS and other
scholarly associations opposed NSEP from the outset because its funding and
direction come from the DOD and CIA. Congressional hawks who insist that the
military and intelligence should benefit directly from NSEP (which is funded
from intelligence budgets) and supporters of the NSEP in the higher education
community who seek to distance NSEP from the national security establishment
have fought over the service requirement of the NSEP.
The Service
Requirement
The outcome of this
political struggle is that the service requirement has been changed to tie the
NSEP even more directly to national security agendas. A new provision requires
students who receive at least 12 months of funding from the NSEP to work for
agencies with national security interests for a period equal to their
scholarship or fellowship. In October 1995, the Congress had adopted language
drafted by Rep. Bill Young (R-FlA.), Chair of the House Appropriations
Subcommittee on National Security, requiring that student awardees "serve
at least two years with the Department of Defense or the intelligence
community." This threw the NSEP and its supporters into crisis, and NSEP
awards were suspended temporarily.
Then, in September
1996, with lobbying from the study abroad community and the Association of
American Universities (AAU), Senator Paul Simon (D-Ill.) convinced the Congress
to replace this language with the current provision requiring students to work
in a sector of the federal government "having national security responsibilities."
(Work in higher education could be substituted only if a government job were
not available.) This new provision is much more restrictive than the original
service requirement in 1992 that allowed the work to be done either in any
federal agency or in a higher education institution.
19
The President's
annual National Security Strategy report is being used as the basis for
interpreting "national security." Applicants are being informed that
acceptable jobs might be in offices and organizations within the Departments of
Defense, intelligence agencies, National Security Council, Commerce, Energy,
Justice, State, and Treasury, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Office of
the U.S. Trade Representative, certain Congressional committees, and federally
funded laboratories and research and development centers such as RAND and the
Lincoln Laboratory at MIT.
Defining National
Security Priorities
While the service
requirement has been a lightning rod for criticism of the program, the NSEP
Board has been quietly narrowing what countries, languages, and fields of study
are critical to U.S. national security and will be targeted for grants.
Concerning Africa, emphasis is being given to four countries (Egypt, Morocco,
Nigeria, and South Africa) and only one African language - Arabic. The fields
of study given primary emphasis are business and economics, engineering and
applied sciences, international affairs, political science, history, and policy
sciences. With these changes, Thomas Farrell, vice-president of exchange
programs at Institution of International Education (IIE) - which administers
the NSEP undergraduate scholarships - now describes NS EP as "a niche
program" that focuses on a narrower arena of academic fields (Chronicle of
Higher Education (CHE) 5/30/97).
Because of these
changes in the service requirement and focus of the NSEP and the resultant
confusion, the number of applicants for NSEP scholarships and fellowships
dropped by more than two-thirds and the number of awards was cut by more than
half from 1 995 to 1997. The NSEP now is aggressively promoting the program.
Because of its narrower focus, NSEP plans to market the program more heavily to
students interested in working in national security (CHE, 3/14/97).
NSEP Funding for
Students of Africa
A relatively small
number of NSEP's approximately 1,400 student awards have gone for study of
Africa - about nine percent of fellowships and scholarships funded in 1994-97.
This is due at least in part to the greater opposition to NSEP from scholars of
Africa than from other world areas and the relatively low priority the NSEP is
giving to Africa. The NSEP has given 35 graduate fellowships for study in 18
Sub-Saharan African countries and 11 African languages as well as 88
undergraduate scholarships for study in 11 Sub-Saharan African countries and 9
African languages. In many cases, the host African institutions and even the
sponsoring U.S. study abroad programs through which undergraduate students have
traveled to Africa have not known that the source of students' funding is the
DOD's NSEP program.
NSEP Direct Institutional Grants
The NSEP has made a
total of $6.8 million in grants to 22 higher education institutions in 1994-97.
Although the AAU and other associations that support NSEP have cited the importance
of "re-granting agencies" to ensure independence of the programs it
fun ds, there has been no
20
public outcry
against the institutional grants being administered directly by the NSEP Office
within DOD (with peer-review mechanisms that are standard for government
grants). By far, the largest number of institutional programs focuses on Asia.
Two focus on Africa - an internship program to examine the role played by
African women (Clark Atlanta University) and study by doctoral students of
Arabic and classical Islamic thought offered in Morocco (Washington University,
St. Louis). Another grant is to a consortium of 10 medical universities in the
U.S., Africa, Asia, and Latin America to internationalize medical training
(University of California - Davis).
Why say No to NSEP
Funding?
Cooperation among
scholars of North America and Africa can be maintained only if scholarly
activities and exchanges are public, transparent, and based on academic
integrity. This is impossible if academic inquiry about Africa is defined in a
major way by "national security" and military goals.
NSEP represents an
attempt to use intelligence and Pentagon funding to direct undergraduate
overseas experience, graduate scholarship, and programs at higher education
institutions toward national security purposes and priorities.
Indeed, funding
from NSEP imperils academic relations with Africa and the heritage of trust
that has developed between African and North American scholars because of
shared commitments to broader humane values and the disavowal of military and
intelligence funding. Now, with some scholars operating with NSEP funding in
Africa, all who are engaged in research in the field may be suspect and find
themselves in unpleasant and even dangerous situations.
Over 100 scholars
have protested NSEP in a statement sponsored by ACAS in the Chronicle of Higher
Education:
"Funding from national security agencies threatens the openness
of scholarly inquiry and publication, the physical safety of scholars and
students overseas, and cooperation between African and U.S. scholars."
(June 2, 1993)
ACAS calls on scholars and students of Africa to:
·
Reject funding from the NSEP program for all scholarship on Africa,
·
Call on one's university administrators to reject NSEP student and
institutional funding,
·
Publicize NSEP's links to military and intelligence agencies, and
·
Work to secure additional funding from non-military/intelligence
agencies for students of African studies, particularly those traditionally
excluded from overseas study programs. Organizations Opposing the NSEP
"We ...
reaffirm our conviction that scholars and programs conducting research in
Africa, teaching about Africa, and conducting exchange programs with Africa,
should not accept research, fellowship, travel, programmatic, and other funding
from military an d intelligence agencies - or their contractual representatives
- for work in the United States or abroad." Association of African Studies
Programs (AASP), December 1993 (reaffirmed in April 1997)
21
"We ...
strongly object to the passing of the National Security Education Act.... The
link which the legislation seeks to make between U.S. intelligence/defence and
funding for African scholarship will seriously compromises the virtues of
honesty and integrity among both American and African scholars and
institutions." Association of University Teachers, University of Zimbabwe,
August 1992
"The
credibility and integrity of American university-based scholarship in the
African studies field depend upon arrangements which ensure the independence of
academic research and publication from the military and political interests of
the government... The Board ... calls upon African scholars to refrain from
participation in the Central Intelligence Agency's program for research and
support and to oppose participation in other activities it sponsors."
African Studies Association, April 28, 1990 (reaffirmed in December 1993)
"The American
Council of Learned Societies ... cannot support ... either the present location
of the NSEA within the Department of Defense or its present oversight
structure." American Council of Learned Societies, January 1993 Since
1981, the directors of the Title VI African National Resource Centers have
agreed not to apply for, accept, or recommend to students any military or
intelligence funding from the Defense Intelligence Agency, the NSEP, or other
sources. The directors gathered in Washington, D.C. at their meeting in April
1997 reaffirmed this stance. Title VI African Studies Center Directors Policy
since 1980s, reaffirmed April 1997 "[The Social Science Research
Council's] board determined, even before the provisions for implementation of
the program had been finalized, that they were sufficiently flawed that the
council should not even enter into discussions and negotiations about its
possible participation in the program." Stanley J. Heginbotham, former
Vice President of SSRC, in Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars January-March
1997
"We are
gravely concerned ... at the presence of the Director of the CIA in the
oversight of the program... Linking university based research to U.S. national
security agencies will restrict our already narrow research opportunities; it
will endanger the physical safety of scholars and our students studying abroad;
and it will jeopardize the cooperation and safety of those we study and
collaborate with in these regions." Presidents of the African Studies
Association, Latin American Studies Association, and Middle East Studies
Association, February 1992
"Past
experience, in South Asia as elsewhere, amply demonstrates the perils of
connections, however tenuous, between scholars and U.S. national security
agencies. Possible consequences range from mistrust and lack of cooperation to
physical violence against U.S. scholars and their colleagues abroad...."
South Asia Council, April 1992
Prepared and
distributed by: Association of Concerned Africa Scholars E-mail:
acas@prairienet.org
Internet home page:
http://www.prairienet.org/acas/
CIA & THE AFRICAN CHURCH
22
We have no detailed
researched data regarding CIA infiltration of African Churches and religions.
But it is now becoming more and more clear that CIA’s strategy, specially now
under GLOBALIZATION, is to transform the peoples of the world, into robots, and
cultures and religions to and languages in the image of American corporate
capitalism and to serve American imperialist strategy. This is now becoming
clearer every day with CIA attempt to transform Islam to serve the objectives
of American imperialist targets especially in the oil rich regions.
Apart from indirect
references we also do not have documentary evidence to CIA undermining the
Orthodox Churches of Egypt and Ethiopia. That is also the general sentiment of
Serbs, Russians and Greeks. One striking reference to the Ethiopian Church,
where Fesseha Tseyon Teke a local CIA agent active in the 1960’s in the
Ethiopian labour union has poured money and pressure among the Ethiopian clergy
assembled at the Ethiopian Synod for the election of the Patriarch of the
Ethiopian Orthodox Church soon after the rise of the TPLF-EPLF to power in May
1991, in order to have elected as Patriarch a long time U.S resident with
doubtful reputation suspected of CIA contacts Abba Pawlos. Indeed the final
largely contested outcome was that Abba Pawlos was elected Patriarch of the
Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Probably the most hated patriarch ever under
constant violent verbal and physical attack wherever he went, the Ethiopian
Orthodox Church under him has ever since losing its identity disfigured under
powerful Protestant and Catholic religious invasion.
According to the
Bertrand Russel Tribunal, the principal target of CIA religious infiltration in
Latin America was the Latin American anti-imperialist “liberation” and anti
capitalist Catholic Church opposed to capitalism and the cult of money
(particularly following the Cuban revolution.). The conservative wing of the
Catholic Church opposed to the liberation theology was singled out and financed
by the CIA American and German Catholic and evangelical Protestant
missionaries, as well as American sects, in the 1960’s. Church infiltration was
also a major CIA activity in the middle of the 1970’s in order to identify and
hit pro-left activists and weakens or destroys the group in its entirety.
Denounced by the press for contamination of spiritual life, and manipulating
the churches to serve imperialist ends, CIA Director William Colby had been
called by Congress to justify such infiltration of Latin American Churches.
However in a letter to the Congress President Ford justified such contamination
in defence of American interests. (5 November 1975). And thus we reach the
stage of the repression – assassination, arrest, torture, deportation and exile
of Latin American anti-imperialist nationalist clergy accused of being
pro-Communist etc. the burning of Churches becomes more frequent. Religious
books and relics destroyed or prohibited. Religious ceremonies prevented or
discouraged. The victim churches did not realize that they were victims of a
global strategy of the CIA and multinational capitalism (Russell Tribunal,
1976, op. cit.).
As
Professor Lemarchand concludes (“The CIA in Africa”: op.cit.) “Trade unions,
student associations and church organizations may become so heavily dependent
on CIA subsidies and advice as to lose all responsiveness to their respective
constituencies. Their organizational goals may become almost exclusively geared
towards the collection of secret information, espionage propaganda, and so
forth, to the detriment of their normal brokerage functions (of a civil
23
society).
Co-ordinate responses to environmental challenges become virtually impossible
in these circumstances, if only because of the very nature of the reward system
which operates to substitute external goals for internal ones, and individual
gratifications for collective ones.”
One political
fiction entitled “The Sapiens System” dealing with the CIA Manipulation of
African proxy governments, we read (p-202-203) “”The elected presidents of
these two poor but peaceful little nations are actually on my payroll, so
naturally they do what I tell them to. If the people begin to complain too much
about the policies I have given them to enforce, I use the media to explain why
they are necessary. If this doesn’t work I simply buy myself a reform leader,
set up my obsolete incumbent for some scandalous activity that forces him out
of office, one way or another, and replace him with my new presidential
mouthpiece …If some snoopy intellectual pokes in too deep and starts to put the
picture together there are plenty of things I can do to keep him in line. I can
put the heat on him for cheating on his income tax, frame him for giving
government secrets to the enemy, or for some kind of bizarre sexual misconduct
which the people have already been conditioned to believe …Or I might start
sending my private police around to drop in on him now and then – or have him
done in.”
Again Professor Lemarchand had written:
“Is the CIA a
‘rogue elephant’ roaming over the African landscape making shambles of the most
carefully planned development strategies? (CIA) covert activities … affect the
process of institutionalize, that is’ the process by which organizations and
procedures acquire value and stability…If we accept the argument, set forth by
Samuel Huntington, that the existence of adaptable, complex, autonomous and
coherent organizations and procedures is an essential prerequisite of
development, the question immediately arises as to whether an environment
permeated by CIA agents is in any way congenital to the growth of strong and
stable institutions…Not only the adaptability but the autonomy of political
institutions is likely to be endangered by the spread of covert operations. The
point here is not merely that the autonomy of an institution diminishes in
proportion to its degree of dependence on an external agency, even more
pertinent is the extent to which CIA activities operate to strengthen the
dependence of political institutions or particularistic groups: ethnic,
regional, family or clan ” –thus limiting the geographic extension of state
structures, along with the socio-psychological disposition to conform with
public policies.
The time
has come to recognize the CIA for what it is - an institution which in varying
degrees has had, and continues to have, a largely negative effect on the
process of development in the Third World. And the same, of course, applies to
its foreign counterparts, most notably the – French SDECE. If so, it is no
longer possible to accept at face value that the main impediments to Third
World development are essentially internal”.